{ if ($name == "Pacman") { $prefix = "Mr"; } elseif ($name == "Pacwoman") { $prefix = "Mrs"; } else { $prefix = ""; if ($prefix == NULL) { return "{$prefix} {$name}"; } } return "{$prefix}{$separator} {$name}"; } } $class = new ConcreteClass(); echo $class->prefixName("Pacman"), "\n"; echo "<br/>"; echo $class->prefixName("Pacwoman"), "\n"; echo "<br/>"; echo $class->prefixName("Dog"), "\n"; echo "<br/>"; class A { public $foo = 1; } $a = new A(); $b = $a; // $a and $b are copies of the same identifier // ($a) = ($b) = <id> $b->foo = 2; echo $a->foo . "\n";