GitHub - surjit/php-to-c-extension-with-traits

PHP-TO-C-Ext is a tool to allow developer to build Zend Engine based PHP Extensions using PHP together with C.

PHP-TO-C-EXT is built on top of these great things:

Zephir (http://zephir-lang.com/)
PHP Parser (https://github.com/nikic/PHP-Parser)
PHP to Zephir (https://github.com/fezfez/php-to-zephir)

PHP-TO-C-EXT is tested on Fedora Linux 21 and Mac OS Yosemite From PHP 5.4 to 5.6.

##Installation

Install composer
git clone https://github.com/jimthunderbird/php-to-c-extension.git
cd php-to-c-extension
composer.phar install

##Usage:

$ php [path/to/php-to-c-extension]/build_extensions.php [php file to convert to c extension]

or

$ php [path/to/php-to-c-extension]/build_extensions.php [directory containing php files to convert to c extension]

##Examples:

A simple dummy extension
One namespace and multiple classes in one file
Organize multiple files in one directory
Using for loop
[Using sub-namespaces] (#example-05)
[Using interface] (#example-06)
[Using trait] (#example-07)
Calling method in the base class with parent::
Using the self keyword
Using ternary operator
Late static binding
Performance Benchmark: Bubble Sort
Gain greater speed through raw C code, using call_c_function
Using PHP Code together with raw C code to solve problems, using call_c_function
Better code structure and saving development time when working with raw C code, using call_c_auto

###Example 01

Let's create a file named Dummy.php, it looks like this:

<?php
namespace Dummy;
class Hello 
{
  public function say()
  {
    echo "hello";
  }
}

we can then execute:

php [path/to/php-to-c-extension]/build_extensions.php Dummy.php

After a while we should get dummy.so installed, then if we add the following line to php.ini

extension=dummy.so

we will now have the class Dummy\Hello available for the user code.

If we write a file named test.php like the following:

<?php
$o = new Dummy\Hello();
$o->say();

and if we run it with php -c [path/to/php.ini]/php.ini test.php, we should get "hello" printed.

You might have already noticed, the class Hello has the namespace Dummy and the extension name is dummy.so.

In fact, in order to build a php extension with this tool, all classes must have a CamelCase namespace, and the extension name is the lowercase form of the namespace.

###Example 02 ####Sometimes, for convenience, we might want to write a single file with one namespace and multiple classes, and we can do just that. ####Let's create a file named Dummy.php an it looks like the following:

<?php 
namespace Dummy; 
class Hello 
{
  public function say()
  {
    echo "hello\n";
  }
}

class Greeting 
{
  public function greet()
  {
    echo "greetings\n";
  }
}

####We can then execute

php [path/to/php-to-c-extension]/build_extensions.php Dummy.php

Once we get the dummy.so built and added to the php.ini, we will have both Dummy\Hello and Dummy\Greeting classes available for the user code.

###Example 03 ####If we need to write more complicated php extensions, we usually need to maintain serveral source files, with PHP-TO-C-EXT tool, we can compile all files in a target directory. ####Let's create a directory src/Dummy, and inside we will 2 files, Hello.php and Greeting.php ####Here is what src/Hello.php looks like:

<?php
namespace Dummy; 
class Hello 
{
  public function say()
  {
    echo "hello\n";
  }
}

####And here is what src/Greeting.php looks like:

<?php 
namespace Dummy;
class Greeting 
{
  public function greet()
  {
    echo "greetings\n";
  }
}

####Then if we execute

php [path/to/php-to-c-extension]/build_extensions.php src/Dummy

####We will then have dummy.so built, and now both Dummy\Hello and Dummy\Greeting classes will be available for the user code. ####Notice that both Hello.php and Dummy.php must have namespace Dummy defined in the beginning.

###Example 04 ####For loop is a common control structure in php, here we will be creating a Dummy\SumCalculator class and built that into the dummy.so extension. ####Let's create a file src/Dummy/SumCalculator.php, and it looks like this:

<?php 
namespace Dummy;

class SumCalculator 
{
  public function getSum($start, $end)
  {
    $sum = 0;
    for ($i = $start; $i <= $end; $i++) {
      $sum += $i;
    }
    return $sum;
  }
}

####Then if we execute

php [path/to/php-to-c-extension]/build_extensions.php src/Dummy

####We will then have dummy.so built, and now both Dummy\SumCalculator will be available for the user code. ####We can do something like this in our user code:

<?php
$calculator = new Dummy\SumCalculator();
$calculator->getSum(1,10);

###Example 05 ####We can use sub namespaces to better manage the cod in the extension. ####When using sub namespaces, we need to make sure the first part of the sub namespace match is name of our extension. ####In this example, let's create a dummy extension with the following files. ####1. src/Dummy/Vehicle.php ####2. src/Dummy/Vehicle/Car.php ####src/Dummy/Vehicle.php looks like this:

<?php 
namespace Dummy;

class Vehicle 
{
  public function say()
  {
    echo "I am a vehicle";
  }
}

####src/Dummy/Vehicle/Car.php looks like this:

<?php 
namespace Dummy\Vehicle;

class Car extends \Dummy\Vehicle
{
}

####Then if we execute

php [path/to/php-to-c-extension]/build_extensions.php src/Dummy

####We will then have dummy.so built, and then if we do the following in our user code

$car = new Dummy\Vehicle\Car();
$car->say();

####We will have "I am a vehicle" printed.

###Example 06 ####We can use interface just like what we do in normal php code. ####Let's created the following files: ####1. src/Dummy/MovableInterface.php ####2. src/Dummy/Vehicle.php ####src/Dummy/MovableInterface.php looks like this:

<?php 
namespace Dummy;
interface MovableInterface
{
  public function move();
}

####src/Dummy/Vehicle.php looks like this:

<?php 
namespace Dummy;

class Vehicle implements MovableInterface
{
  public function move()
  {
    echo "I am moving";
  }
}

####Then if we execute

php [path/to/php-to-c-extension]/build_extensions.php src/Dummy

####We will then have dummy.so built, and then if we do the following in our user code

$car = new Dummy\Vehicle();
$car->move();

####We will have "I am moving" printed.

###Example 07 ####Trait is a new feature introduced in php 5.4 to allow grouping of functionalities and reused by individual classes. ####In the example below, we are going to demonstrate using trait to build a dummy php extension ####We are going to create a file src/dummy.php, and it looks like this:

<?php 
namespace Dummy\Traits;

trait MovableTrait 
{
  public function move()
  {
    echo "I am moving.";
  }
}

trait PlayableTrait 
{
  public function play()
  {
    echo "I am playing.";
  }
}

namespace Dummy;

class Vehicle 
{
  use \Dummy\Traits\MovableTrait;
  use \Dummy\Traits\PlayableTrait;
}

Then if we execute

php [path/to/php-to-c-extension]/build_extensions.php src/dummy.php

####Once the extension dummy.so is built, we will have method move() and play() available for class Vehicle. ####And if we do the following in our user code

<?php 
$vehicle = new Dummy\Vehicle();
$vehicle->play();
$vehicle->move();

####We will see the "I am playing.I am moving." printed

###Example 08 ####When we need to call certain methods in the base class, we will need to use the parent keyword, below is an example: ####Let's create a file named dummy.php and it looks like this:

<?php 
namespace Dummy;

trait StoppableTrait 
{
  public function stop()
  {
    echo "I am stopping now.";
  }
}

class Vehicle 
{
  use StoppableTrait;

  public function __construct()
  {
    echo "I am a new vehicle.";
  }
}

class Car extends Vehicle 
{
  public function __construct() 
  {
    parent::__construct();
    echo "I am also a new car.";
  }

  public function stop()
  {
    parent::stop();
    echo "don't worry i am a car.";
  }
}

####In the code above, we know that the base class Vehicle has a method named stop() defined by the trait. ####And now if we do

$car = new Dummy\Car();
$car->stop();

####We should see the following printed ####"I am a new vehicle.I am also a new car.I am stopping now.don't worry i am a car."

###Example 09 ####We can use the self keyword just like normal php to build a php extension, below is an example: ####Let's create a file named dummy.php and it looks like this:

<?php 
namespace Dummy;

trait StoppableTrait 
{
  public function stop()
  {
    echo "I am stopping now.";
  }
}

class Vehicle 
{
  private static $singleton;

  use StoppableTrait;

  public function __construct()
  {
    echo "I am a new vehicle.";
  }

  public static function getInstance()
  {
    if (!isset(self::$singleton)) {
      self::$singleton = new self();
    }  
    return self::$singleton;
  }
}

class Car extends Vehicle 
{
  public function __construct() 
  {
    parent::__construct();
    echo "I am also a new car.";
  }

  public function stop()
  {
    parent::stop();
    echo "don't worry i am a car.";
  }
}

####Notice the getInstance() method in class Vehicle, we use the self keyword to create a singleton. ####And now once we have dummy.so built, if we do the following in the user code:

<?php 
$car1 = Dummy\Car::getInstance();
$car2 = Dummy\Car::getInstance();

if ($car1 === $car2) {
  print "Two cars are identical\n";
} 

print $car1->stop()."\n";

####We should see the following printed ####"I am a new vehicle.Two cars are identical ####I am stopping now."

###Example 10 ####We can use ternary operator as a shortcut to write conditional statemements and variable assignmens ####Let's create a file named dummy.php and it looks like this:

<?php
namespace Dummy;

class Number 
{
  private $number;

  public function __construct($number)
  {
    $this->number = $number;
  }

  public function isPositive()
  {
    $result = ($this->number > 0)?true:false;
    return $result;
  }
}

####Then once we dummy.so built, in the user code if we do the following:

<?php 
$number = new Dummy\Number(10);
if ($number->isPositive() === TRUE) {
  echo "This is a positive number.";
}

####We then should see the following printed on the screen. ####"This is a positive number."

###Example 11 ####Late static binding is introduced in PHP 5.3 and used to reference the called class in a context of static inheritance. ####Below is an example of late static binding ####Let's create a file named src/dummy.php and it looks like this:

namespace Dummy;
class Model 
{ 
  protected static $name = "model";
  public static function find() 
  { 
    echo static::$name; 
  } 
} 

class Product extends Model 
{ 
  protected static $name = 'Product'; 
}

####Then once we have dummy.so built and if we do the following:

Dummy\Product::find();

####We should have "Product" printed on the screen.

###Example 12 ####Below let's do a simple benchmark to see how fast the php extension will be ####We will be using bubble sort as an example to demonstrate the time difference. Here is our code for src/dummy.php:

<?php 
namespace Dummy;

class Sorter
{
  public function bubbleSort($arr)
  {
    $size = count($arr);
    for ($i=0; $i<$size; $i++) {
      for ($j=0; $j<$size-1-$i; $j++) {
        if ($arr[$j+1] < $arr[$j]) {
          $tmp = $arr[$j];
          $arr[$j] = $arr[$j+1];
          $arr[$j+1] = $tmp;
        }
      }
    }

    return $arr;
  }
}

####As you can see, this is a very typical bubble sort implementation. ####We will then do:

$ php [path/to/php-to-c-extension]/build_extensions.php src/dummy.php

####Then we will have dummy.so built. ####Now we will be writing our userland testing code test.php

<?php 
if (!class_exists("Dummy\Sorter")) {
  require_once "src/dummy.php";
}

function microtime_float()
{
  list($usec, $sec) = explode(" ", microtime());
  return ((float)$usec + (float)$sec);
}

$arr = array();
for ($i = 10000; $i >= 1; $i--) {
  $arr[]  = $i;
}

$time_start = microtime_float();

$st = new Dummy\Sorter();
$arr = $st->bubbleSort($arr);

$time_end = microtime_float();
$time = $time_end - $time_start;

print "Time spent on sorting: ".$time." seconds.\n";

####The code above is pretty straightforward, it first detect if we have the Dummy\Sorter class defined, if it is defined, that means the dummy.so extension is loaded, otherwise, we will just require the pure php version of Dummy\Sorter class. ####We then generate an array of 10000 integers and ask Dummy\Sorter to bubble sort it. ####This is also the beauty of having the ability to write our extension in php itself, since we can seamlessly compare the performance. ####Now if we just do:

php test.php

####We will be just using the pure php version, in my intel core i3 laptop with 4 core cpu running fedora 21 and PHP 5.6.4, it shows the following: ####Time spent on sorting: 16.802139997482 seconds. ####Now let's test the php extension see how it performs. We first create php.ini and then inside we have:

extension=dummy.so

####Then if we do php -c php.ini test.php, we will be using the dummy.so to do the bubble sort for us, in my laptop it shows the following: ####Time spent on sorting: 3.9628620147705 seconds. ####As you can see, the php extension dummy.so that we built is about 3 times faster than the pure php version. And we are seamlessly using the same Dummy\Sorter class!

###Example 13 ####PHP is built on top of Zend Engine, which is written in C. It will be great that we could use C code inside PHP to gain higher performance. ####In this tool, we have a way to do so, by using the call_c_function api. ####In the example below, we will be using the call_c_function api to call the C based bubble sort implementation from within PHP. ####This example requires advance knowledge of the internal data structure of the Zend Engine. ####First, let's create src/dummy.php

<?php 
namespace Dummy;

class Sorter
{
  public function bubbleSort($arr)
  {
    $result = call_c_function("sorting.c","bubble_sort",$arr);

    return $result;
  }
}

####It is pretty straightforward at this point, we have a Sorter class and inside we have the bubbleSort method, it takes an array $arr and it will return the sorted array. Inside the method, we have this code:

$result = call_c_function("sorting.c","bubble_sort",$arr);

####This means we will be calling the bubble_sort function inside of sorting.c file, and the bubble_sort function takes $arr as the input parameter. And the result of the bubble_sort function call will be stored in the $result variable. ####Now let's create src/sorting.c file:

static zval * bubble_sort(zval * arr)
{
  HashTable *arr_hash = arr->value.ht;
  long arr_length = arr_hash->nNumOfElements;
  long i,j;

  zval **p;

  long sorting_arr[arr_length];
  long tmp;

  for (i=0; i < arr_length; i++) {
    p = (zval **)(arr_hash->arBuckets[i]->pData);
    sorting_arr[i] = (*p)->value.lval;
  } 

  //perform bubble sort
  for (i=0; i< arr_length; i++) {
    for (j=0; j<arr_length-1-i; j++) {
      if (sorting_arr[j+1] < sorting_arr[j]) {
        tmp = sorting_arr[j];
        sorting_arr[j] = sorting_arr[j+1];
        sorting_arr[j+1] = tmp;
      }
    }
  }

  zval *result;
  MAKE_STD_ZVAL(result);
  array_init(result);

  for (i=0; i < arr_length; i++) {
    add_index_long(result, i, sorting_arr[i]);
  }

  return result; 
}

####To understand what's going on in the bubble_sort C function, it requires some knowledge of the internal Zend Engine's data structure. ####In the function we will accept a poiner to a zval, which is pointing to the array we pass from PHP. Then we create a pointer to the array's hashtable. ####We then create an array of long integers, holding each long integer value in the arBuckets of the array's hashtable. ####Later on we perform the standard bubble sort on the long integer array, and finally use the zend array_init add_index_long apis to create a new sorted array and return the result back. ####Now let's do:

$ php [path/to/php-to-c-extension]/build_extensions.php src/dummy.php

####Once we have dummy.so built, we can test how fast our bubble sort is now. ####Let's reuse the test.php script in example 12.

<?php 
if (!class_exists("Dummy\Sorter")) {
  require_once "src/dummy.php";
}

function microtime_float()
{
  list($usec, $sec) = explode(" ", microtime());
  return ((float)$usec + (float)$sec);
}

$arr = array();
for ($i = 10000; $i >= 1; $i--) {
  $arr[]  = $i;
}

$time_start = microtime_float();

$st = new Dummy\Sorter();
$arr = $st->bubbleSort($arr);

$time_end = microtime_float();
$time = $time_end - $time_start;

print "Time spent on sorting: ".$time." seconds.\n";

####Now if we add extension=dummy.so to a php.ini file and do

$ php -c php.ini test.php

####We will see the following printed on the screen ####Time spent on sorting: 0.14397192001343 seconds. ####The result is really great. Compared to 3.9628620147705 seconds in example 12 and 16.802139997482 seconds for the pure PHP version, it is significantly faster.

###Example 14 ####In this example below, we will be using PHP code together with raw C code to get the first 800 digits of PI. ####The algorithm to compute PI is borrowed from https://crypto.stanford.edu/pbc/notes/pi/code.html ####First, we will be creating the src/dummy.php and it looks like this:

<?php 
namespace Dummy;

class Math
{
  public function getPI()
  {
    $result = call_c_function("math.c","get_pi"); 
    //convert to format like: 3.1415...
    $resultSplits = str_split($result);
    $firstNumber = array_shift($resultSplits);
    $result = $firstNumber.".".implode("",$resultSplits);
    return $result;
  }
}

#####Then we will be creating src/math.c and it looks like this:

static zval * get_pi() 
{
  zval *result;
  MAKE_STD_ZVAL(result);

  int r[2800 + 1];
  int i, k;
  int b, d;
  int c = 0;
  char buf[801];
  char tmp_buf[4];

  for (i = 0; i < 2800; i++) {
    r[i] = 2000;
  }

  int count = 0;
  for (k = 2800; k > 0; k -= 14) {
    d = 0;

    i = k;
    for (;;) {
      d += r[i] * 10000;
      b = 2 * i - 1;

      r[i] = d % b;
      d /= b;
      i--;
      if (i == 0) break;
      d *= i;
    }

    sprintf(tmp_buf, "%.4d", c + d / 10000);

    buf[count] = tmp_buf[0];
    buf[count+1] = tmp_buf[1];
    buf[count+2] = tmp_buf[2];
    buf[count+3] = tmp_buf[3];

    c = d % 10000;

    count += 4;
  }

  buf[count+1] = '\0';

  ZVAL_STRING(result, buf, 1);

  return result;
}

####Then we will have test.php

<?php 
$math = new Dummy\Math();
print $math->getPI();

####Then once dummy.so is built and we do:

$ php -c php.ini test.php

####We will be seeing the first 800 digits of PI printed on the screen.

###Example 15 ####In example 13 and 14 above, we demonstrate the ability to work with PHP and raw C code to solve problems. ####One thing that came up is, if we are developing on a large extension codebase, using call_c_function and specifying the C source file name and C function name is a bit time consuming and at some points might become tedious. This is when the API call_c_auto comes into help. ####Below we will demonstrate using call_c_auto to do bubble sort. ####Let's first create file src/Dummy/Sorter.php:

<?php 
namespace Dummy;

class Sorter
{
  public function bubbleSort($arr)
  {
    $result = null;
    if (count($arr) > 0) {
      $result = call_c_auto($arr);
    }
    return $result;
  }
}

####Notice this line here:

$result = call_c_auto($arr);

####What we are doing is to pass the $arr input param to the call_c_auto API. Under the hook the extension building process will convert this API to:

$result = call_c_function("Sorter.c","bubbleSort",$arr);

####See the Sorter.c has the same name as the class name Sorter, and the C function we will be calling has the same name as the PHP method name bubbleSort. ####This convention helps us organize the code better and save some typing. ####Now let's create src/Dummy/Sorter.c

static zval * bubbleSort(zval * arr)
{
  HashTable *arr_hash = arr->value.ht;
  long arr_length = arr_hash->nNumOfElements;
  long i,j;

  zval **p;

  long sorting_arr[arr_length];
  long tmp;

  for (i=0; i < arr_length; i++) {
    p = (zval **)(arr_hash->arBuckets[i]->pData);
    sorting_arr[i] = (*p)->value.lval;
  } 

  //perform bubble sort
  for (i=0; i< arr_length; i++) {
    for (j=0; j<arr_length-1-i; j++) {
      if (sorting_arr[j+1] < sorting_arr[j]) {
        tmp = sorting_arr[j];
        sorting_arr[j] = sorting_arr[j+1];
        sorting_arr[j+1] = tmp;
      }
    }
  }

  zval *result;
  MAKE_STD_ZVAL(result);
  array_init(result);

  for (i=0; i < arr_length; i++) {
    add_index_long(result, i, sorting_arr[i]);
  }

  return result; 
}

####The code is pretty much the same as the one used in example 13, except that the C function name matches the PHP's method name. ####Now let's create test.php

<?php 
$st = new Dummy\Sorter();

$arr = [5,1,3,8,9,10,2,4,12];

$arr = $st->bubbleSort($arr);

print_r($arr);

####And let's build our extension by doing:

$ php [path/to/php-to-c-extension]/build_extensions.php src/Dummy

####Then once dummy.so is built and we add extension=dummy.so to php.ini, we can run our test code:

$php -c php.ini test.php

####And we will see that our array is nicely sorted. ####The advantage of using call_c_auto in this example is, we have src/Dummy/Sorter.php and src/Dummy/Sorter.c and they interact nicely to solve our problem.

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we can then execute:

we will now have the class Dummy\Hello available for the user code.

If we write a file named test.php like the following:

and if we run it with php -c [path/to/php.ini]/php.ini test.php, we should get "hello" printed.

You might have already noticed, the class Hello has the namespace Dummy and the extension name is dummy.so.

In fact, in order to build a php extension with this tool, all classes must have a CamelCase namespace, and the extension name is the lowercase form of the namespace.

Once we get the dummy.so built and added to the php.ini, we will have both Dummy\Hello and Dummy\Greeting classes available for the user code.

Then if we execute

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we can then execute:

we will now have the class Dummy\Hello available for the user code.

If we write a file named test.php like the following:

and if we run it with php -c [path/to/php.ini]/php.ini test.php, we should get "hello" printed.

You might have already noticed, the class Hello has the namespace Dummy and the extension name is dummy.so.

In fact, in order to build a php extension with this tool, all classes must have a CamelCase namespace, and the extension name is the lowercase form of the namespace.

Once we get the dummy.so built and added to the php.ini, we will have both Dummy\Hello and Dummy\Greeting classes available for the user code.

Then if we execute

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