return $output;
}
// All are true
echo is_exact(0, false);
echo is_exact(4, true);
echo is_exact(0, "0");
echo is_exact(0, "");
echo is_exact(0, "a");
echo is_exact("1", "01");
echo is_exact("", null);
echo is_exact(3, "3 dogs");
echo is_exact(100, "1e2");
echo is_exact(100, 100.0);
echo is_exact("abc", true);
echo is_exact("123", "   123");
echo is_exact("123", "+0123");
?>
	
	
	<?php 
/*
		# Type juggling

		PHP does not require (or support) explicit type definition in variable declaration; 
		a variable's type is determined by the context in which the variable is used. 
		That is to say, if a string value is assigned to variable $var, $var becomes a string. 
		If an integer value is then assigned to $var, it becomes an integer.

		# Type juggling during comparisons

		- string vs null : converts to ""
     } else {
         $user_email = htmlspecialchars($_POST['user_email']);
         $errors[] = "Please enter a valid email address";
     }
 } else {
     $user_email = "";
     $errors[] = "Please enter an email address";
 }
 // check for presence of a password
 if (has_presence($_POST['user_password'])) {
     // make sure its at least 7 characters long
     if (has_min_length($_POST['user_password'], 7)) {
         // check for presence of a conf_password
         if (has_presence($_POST['conf_password'])) {
             // compare the two password for exactness
             if (is_exact($_POST['user_password'], $_POST['conf_password'])) {
                 // passwords match
                 $user_password = htmlspecialchars($_POST['conf_password']);
                 $conf_password = htmlspecialchars($_POST['conf_password']);
                 // hash protect password
                 $hash_password = password_hash($user_password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT);
                 $user_data['user_password'] = $hash_password;
             } else {
                 $user_password = "";
                 $conf_password = "";
                 $errors[] = "Your passwords didn't match";
             }
         } else {
             $user_password = htmlspecialchars($_POST['user_password']);
             $conf_password = "";
             $errors[] = "Please confirm your password";