/**
  * Checks whether an email exists in the database
  * @param $email string The email whose existence to check
  * @return bool Whether the email exists in the database or not
  */
 public static function email_exists($email)
 {
     // the user row with the particular email; it could be empty
     $user_row = User::get_user_row_by_email($email);
     // return false if the user row is null
     return empty($user_row) ? false : true;
 }
 /**
  * Gets the user row from the database.
  */
 private function get_user_row()
 {
     // Return out of the function if the user row is set
     if (isset($this->user_row)) {
         return;
     } else {
         // get the user row by the email
         $user_row = User::get_user_row_by_email($this->email);
         $this->user_row = $user_row;
     }
 }